Home / Regular Issue / JSSH Vol. 29 (3) Sep. 2021 / JSSH-8070-2021

 

Driving Factors of Continuity for Kano Emir Palace towards Safeguarding its Cultural Heritage

Bashir Umar Salim, Ismail Said, Lee Yoke Lai and Raja Nafida Raja Shahminan

Pertanika Journal of Social Science and Humanities, Volume 29, Issue 3, September 2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.47836/pjssh.29.3.09

Keywords: Community-conservation approach, cultural heritage, driving factors, Kano Emir Palace, living heritage

Published on: 27 September 2021

Preservation and safeguarding cultural heritage juxtaposed with a living dimension have become a global concern in heritage studies. Traditional palaces in the Hausaland of northern Nigeria are conceived in earthen form, featured with continuity of tradition, and embodied with a living community. Thus, its conservation intervention prompts the Palace to renewal, reconstruction or expansion, to facilitate current needs. The interventions contravene the Eurocentric principles of conservation that oblige the prevention of changes on monuments’ materialism and the spaces it occupies. In contrast, the contemporary approach is a more socially inclusive approach that embraces community engagement. Despite the richness of living heritage sites in the country, research aiming to conceptualise conservation approaches in Nigeria is deficient. Hence, this paper aimed to explore the driving factors of continuity for Kano Emir Palace towards safeguarding its cultural heritage. A semi-structured interview was conducted with 12 traditional builders and analysed with NVIVO 12. It is found that driving factors are embodied with mediating, deteriorating, and reviving dimensions that prompt the Palace transformation whilst safeguarding its cultural heritage. The paper concludes that the heritagisation of Kano Emir Palace entails assigning values unto spiritual content and decreed spaces of its monuments for the continuity of the inherent function, regardless of material lost and transformation. Besides, a ‘location-based conservation approach’ is suggested as a supplementary paradigm of heritage studies. The framework can be designated in heritage policy for living heritage sites, including functioning traditional palaces in Africa.

  • Agboola, O. P., & Zango, M. S. (2014). Development of traditional architecture in Nigeria: A case study of Hausa house form. International Journal of African Society Cultures and Traditions, 1(1), 61-74.

  • Aikawa, N. (2004). An historical overview of the preparation of the UNESCO international convention for the safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage. Museum International, 56(1-2), 137-149. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1350-0775.2004.00468.x

  • Auwalu, F. K. (2019). Exploring the different vernacular architecture in Nigeria. International Journal of African Society, Cultures and Traditions, 7(1), 1-12.

  • Baird, M. F. (2013). The breath of the mountain is my heart: Indigenous cultural landscapes and the politics of heritage. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 19(4), 327-340. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2012.663781

  • Barau, A. S. (2014). The Kano Emir’s Palace. In A. I. Tanko & S. B. Momale (Eds.), Kano: environment, society and development (pp. 91-110). Adonis and Abbey publisher limited. https://www.africabib.org/s/rec.php?RID=402223926

  • Bilyaminu, M. (2017). Modern architecture in Nigeria and it’s trends in historical buildings: Failure of modernist in conservation and restoration of historical buildings. International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development, 7(3), 5-8.

  • Birt, L., Scott, S., Cavers, D., Campbell, C., & Walter, F. (2016). Member checking: A tool to enhance trustworthiness or merely a nod to validation ? Qualitative Health Research, 26(13), 1802-1811. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732316654870

  • Boccardi, G. (2018). Authenticity in the heritage context: A reflection beyond the Nara Document. The Historic Environment: Policy & Practice, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/17567505.2018.1531647

  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2019). Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 11(4), 589-597. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2019.1628806

  • Bwasiri, E. J. (2011). The implications of the management of indigenous living heritage: The case study of the Mongomi wa kolo rock paintings World Heritage Site, Central Tanzania. The South African Archaeological Bulletin, 66(193), 60-66.

  • Chirikure, S., Manyanga, M., Ndoro, W., & Pwiti, G. (2010). Unfulfilled promises? Heritage management and community participation at some of Africa’s cultural heritage sites. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 16(1-2), 30-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527250903441739

  • Correia, M. (2016). Conservation in earthen heritage: Assessment and Significance of failure, criteria, conservation theory, and strategies. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. https://books.google.com.my/books?id=ESj5DAAAQBAJ%0A%0A

  • Danja, I. I., Li, X., & Dalibi, S. G. (2017). Factors shaping vernacular architecture of Northern Nigeria. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 63(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/63/1/012034

  • Denham, D., Clapperton, H., & Oudney, W. (1985). Narrative of travels and discoveries in North and Central Africa, 1822, 1823, 1824. Dorf. https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.04703

  • Dmochowski, Z. R. (1990). An introduction to Nigerian traditional architecture: Northern Nigeria (Vol. 1). Ethnographica. https://www.worldcat.org/title/introduction-to-nigerian-traditional-architecture-vol1-northern-nigeria/oclc/1158697636&referer=brief_results

  • Eneh, A. E. O., & Ati, O. F. (2010). The influence of rainfall on Hausa traditional architecture. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 2(8), 695-702.

  • Foster, S. M., & Jones, S. (2019). Concrete and non-concrete: Exploring the contemporary authenticity of historic replicas through an ethnographic study of the St John’s of the St John’s cross replica, Iona. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2019.1583272

  • Gibson, N., & O’Connor, H. (2017). A step-by-step guide to qualitative data analysis. A Journal of Aboriginal and Indigenous Community Health, 1(1), 64-90.

  • Graham, B. (2002). Heritage as knowledge: Capital or culture? Urban Studies, 39(5-6), 1003-1017. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980220128426

  • Kolo, D. N. (2015). Adaptive re-use potentials of post office buildings as examples of British colonial heritage in Nigeria and north Cyprus. Eastern Mediterranean University. http://i-rep.emu.edu.tr:8080/jspui/bitstream/11129/1763/1/KoloDan.pdf

  • Last, M. (1980). Historical metaphors in the Kano Chronicle. History in Africa, 7, 161-178. https://doi.org/10.2307/3171660

  • Liman, M. A., & Adamu, Y. M. (2003). Kano in time and space: From a city to metropolis. In M. O. Hambolu (Ed.), Perspectives on Kano-British relations (p. 147). Gidan Makama Museum. https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/5706069

  • Liman, M., Idris, H. A., & Mohammed, U. K. (2014). Weather and climate. In A. I. Tanko & S. B. Momale (Ed.), Kano: Environment, society and development (pp. 13-22). Adonis and Abbey Publisher Limited. https://www.africabib.org/s/rec.php?RID=402223926

  • Muhammad-Oumar, A. A. (1997). GIDAJE: The socio-cultural morphology of Hausa living spaces [Doctoral dissertation, University College London]. https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1317656/

  • Ndoro, W., & Wijesuriya, G. (2015). Heritage management and conservation: From colonization to globalization. Global Heritage, 131-149. https://www.academia.edu/13832425/Heritage_management_and_conservation_from_Colonisation_to_Globalization

  • Nura, J. (2014). Traditional Hausa architecture in the Royal Palace, city walls. In Saharan crossroads: Exploring historical, cultural, and artistic linkages between North and West Africa (p. 235). LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. https://books.google.com.my/books?id=xItJDAAAQBAJ%0A%0A

  • Ojikpong, B. E., Agbor, E. A., & Emri, S. I. (2016). The impact of building use conversion on residential accommodation in Calabar, Cross River state, Nigeria. International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, 5(3), 1445-1462.

  • Olagoke, O. A. (2014). A review of adaptive re-use of historic buildings: Relevant lessons from the Dervish Pasha Mansion, Nicosia in sustaining conservation practice in Osun State, Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 5(11), 1169-1176.

  • Osasona, C. O. (2015). Heritage architecture as domestic space: A tale of three buildings in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 10(1), 42-65. https://doi.org/10.2495/SDP-V10-N1-42-65

  • Osasona, C. O. (2017). Nigerian architectural conservation: A case for grass-roots engagement for renewal. International Journal of Heritage Architecture: Studies, Repairs and Maintence, 1(4), 713-729. https://doi.org/10.2495/ha-v1-n4-713-729

  • Pocock, C., Collett, D., & Baulch, L. (2015). Assessing stories before sites: Identifying the tangible from the intangible. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 21(10), 962-982. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2015.1040440

  • Poulios, I. (2010). Conserving living religious heritage: Maintaining continuity and embracing change – The Hindu temples of Tanjore, Srirangam and Tirupati in India. South Asian Arts Journal, (October), 1-23.

  • Poulios, I. (2014). Discussing strategy in heritage conservation living heritage approach as an example of strategic innovation. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development, 4(1), 16-34. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCHMSD-10-2012-0048

  • Saad, H. T. (1981). Between myth and reality: The aesthetics of traditional architecture in Hausaland [Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan]. https://www.worldcat.org/title/between-myth-and-reality-aesthetics-of-traditional-architecture-in-hausaland/oclc/15861286

  • Sabri, R., & Olagoke, O. A. (2019a). Predicaments in the management of religious heritage buildings and sites in Nigeria. Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, 21(1), 45-65. https://doi.org/10.1080/13505033.2019.1596521

  • Sabri, R., & Olagoke, O. A. (2019b). Rethinking the conservation of Afro-Brazilian mosque legacy. Journal of Architectural Conservation, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556207.2019.1595321

  • Sabri, R., & Olagoke, O. A. (2020). A vanishing legacy? Threats and challenges in the conservation of the colonial era’s Anglican ecclesiastical heritage in Yorubaland. Journal of Architectural Conservation, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556207.2020.1761684

  • Sabri, R., & Olagoke, O. A. (2021). Safeguarding the colonial era’s ecclesiastical heritage: Towards a sustainable protection-use model. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development, 11(1), 121-134. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCHMSD-01-2020-0017

  • Sinamai, A. (2020). ‘We are still here’: African heritage, diversity and the global heritage knowledge templates. Archaeologies, 16(1), 57-71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11759-020-09389-5

  • Smith, L. (2006). Uses of heritage. Routledge. https://books.google.com.my/books?id=bYx_AgAAQBAJ

  • Smith, L., & Akagawa, N. (2009). Introduction. In L. Smith & N. Akagawa (Ed.), Intangible heritage (pp. 1-9). Routledge.

  • Sodangi, M., Idrus, A., Khamidi, M. F., & Adam, D. E. (2011). Environmental factors threatening the survival of heritage buildings in Nigeria. South Asia Journal of Tourism and Heritage, 2(4), 38-53.

  • Sully, D. (2007). Decolonizing conservation: Caring for Maori meeting houses outside New Zealand. Left Coast Press. https://books.google.com.my/books?id=Y5yNyHztYz0C

  • Ugwuanyi, J. K. (2020). Time-space politics and heritagisation in Africa: Understanding where to begin decolonisation. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2020.1795907

  • Umar, G. K. (2017). Transformation in Hausa traditional residential architecture. International Journal of Innovative Environmental Studies Research, 5(4), 5-11.

  • Umar, G. K., Yusuf, D. A., Ahmed, A., & Usman, A. M. (2019). The practice of Hausa traditional architecture: Towards conservation and restoration of spatial morphology and techniques. Scientific African, 5, e00142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00142

  • UNESCO. (2003). Convention for the safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage. UNESCO. https://ich.unesco.org/doc/src/15164-EN.pdf

  • Vecco, M. (2018). 3 value and values of cultural heritage. In A. Campelo, L. Reynolds, A. Lindgreen, & M. Beverland (Eds.), Cultural heritage (p. 2018). Routledge. https://books.google.com.my/books?id=aj73DwAAQBAJ%0A

  • Vecco, M. (2020). Genius loci as a meta-concept. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 41, 225-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2019.07.001

  • Wijesuriya, G. (2005). The Past is in the present. In H. Stovel, N. Stanley-Price, & R.Killick (Eds.), Conservation of living religious heritage (pp. 31-43). ICCROM. https://www.iccrom.org/sites/default/files/publications/2019-11/iccrom_ics03_religiousheritage_en.pdf

  • Wijesuriya, G. (2018). Living heritage. In H. Alison & C. Jennifer (Eds.), Sharing conservation decisions (pp. 43-56). The International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM). https://www.iccrom.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/sharing_conservation_decisions_2018_web.pdf

ISSN 0128-7702

e-ISSN 2231-8534

Article ID

JSSH-8070-2021

Download Full Article PDF

Share this article

Recent Articles