PERTANIKA JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES

 

e-ISSN 2231-8534
ISSN 0128-7702

Home / Regular Issue / JSSH Vol. 32 (4) Dec. 2024 / JSSH-8983-2023

 

The Break-up Experience of Romantic Relationship and Post-traumatic Growth Among Vicenarian Adults

S Subatraa Subramaniam, Asong Joseph, Mimi Fitirana, Walton Wider and Surianti Lajuma

Pertanika Journal of Social Science and Humanities, Volume 32, Issue 4, December 2024

DOI: https://doi.org/10.47836/pjssh.32.4.01

Keywords: Breakup experience, coping mechanism, mental health, post-traumatic growth, romantic relationship, stages of grief

Published on: 16 December 2024

This paper explains the breakup experiences of romantic relationships, coping strategies, and post-traumatic growth (PTG) among vicenarian adults. It employed a qualitative-based research design using a phenomenological method. Snowball and purposive sampling methods were used to select seven participants with a background of romantic relationship breakup experience within two years. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect participant data, and data were analyzed using a thematic analysis procedure. This study found that romantic relationships included understanding of love, utmost happiness in love, and need in love. In contrast, breakups indicated decision-making, emotional impact, and self-blame. Besides, the result also reported that the coping methods involved emotional engagement and acceptance state (duration taken to overcome the emotions). After a romantic relationship breakup, self-growth was found more in personal strength, close relationships, new possibilities, spiritual development, and greater appreciation of life as PTG implications. The findings concluded that breakup-experienced participants coped through the grief process and enhanced their self-growth. This study helped to create awareness among society to view their grief as a growth-oriented process.

  • Algorani, E. B., & Gupta, V. (2024). Coping mechanisms. StatPearls Publishing LLC.

  • Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? The American Psychologist, 59(1), 20-28. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.1.20

  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2012) Thematic analysis. In H. Cooper, P. M. Camic, D. L. Long, A. T. Panter, D. Rindskopf, & K. J. Sher (Eds.), APA handbook of research methods in psychology (Vol. 2: Research designs: Quantitative, qualitative, neuropsychological, and biological; pp. 57-71). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/13620-004

  • Chan, C. L. W., & Ho, A. H. Y. (2009). Handbook of bereavement research and practice: Advances in theory and intervention edited by Margaret S. Stroebe, Robert O. Hansson, and Wolfgang Stroebe: (2008). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 658 pages. Journal of Women & Aging, 21(4), 317-319. https://doi.org/10.1080/08952840903044642

  • Chua, S. N., & Rao, M. V. (2021). Youth suicide in Malaysia. Relate Mental Health Malaysia. https://relate.com.my/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Youth-suicide-in-Malaysia-2021-to-upload.pdf

  • Crowder, R. J., Acquaye, H. E., Boanca, G., & Thiesen, N. L. (2022). A journey through romantic heartbreak and psychological growth: An exploratory phenomenological study of adult females. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 50(4), 455-472. https://doi.org/10.1177/00916471211032297

  • Field, T. (2017). Romantic breakup distress, betrayal and heartbreak: A review. International Journal of Behavioral Research & Psychology, 5(2), 217-225. https://doi.org/10.19070/2332-3000-1700038

  • Field, T., Poling, S., Mines, S., Diego, M., Bendell, D., & Pelaez, M. (2021). Trauma symptoms following romantic breakups. Journal of Psychology & Clinical Psychiatry, 2(2), 37-42.

  • Franklin, A. (2015). The role of positive psychological factors and coping strategies following a non-marital relationship breakup [Doctoral thesis, The Australian National University]. https://doi.org/10.25911/5D778ADE8BB2B

  • Gable, S. L., Reis, H. T., Impett, E. A., & Asher, E. R. (2004). What do you do when things go right? The intrapersonal and interpersonal benefits of sharing positive events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(2), 228-245. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.2.228

  • Gongora, E. A., & Vásquez-Velázquez, I. I. (2018). From coping with stress to positive coping with life: Theoretical review and application. Psychology, 9(15), 2909-2932. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2018.915169

  • Kansky, J., & Allen, J. P. (2018). Making sense and moving on: The potential for individual and interpersonal growth following emerging adult breakups. Emerging Adulthood, 6(3), 172-190. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696817711766

  • Koenig, H. G. (2012). Religion, spirituality, and health: the research and clinical implications. International Scholarly Research Notices, 2012, Article 278730. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/278730

  • Kübler-Ross, E. (1970). On death and dying. Collier Books/Macmillan Publishing Co.

  • Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer.

  • Le, B., Dove, N. L., Agnew, C. R., Korn, M. S., & Mutso, A. A. (2010). Predicting nonmarital romantic relationship dissolution: A meta-analytic synthesis. Personal Relationships, 17(3), 377-390. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2010.01285.x

  • Lewandowski G. W., Jr, & Bizzoco, N. M. (2007). Addition through subtraction: Growth following the dissolution of a low quality relationship. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2(1), 40-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760601069234

  • Logan, A. C., Berman, S. H., Scott, R. B., Berman, B. M., & Prescott, S. L. (2021). Catalyst twenty-twenty: Post-traumatic growth at scales of person, place and planet. Challenges, 12(1), Article 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/challe12010009

  • Mann, S. K., Marwaha, R., & Torrico, T. J. (2024). Posttraumatic stress disorder. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559129/

  • Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic. Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227-238. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.56.3.227

  • Mathers, N., Fox, N., & Hunn, A. (2002). Using interviews in a research project. Trent Focus Group. http://web.simmons.edu/~tang2/courses/CUAcourses/lsc745/sp06/Interviews.pdf

  • McKiernan, A., Ryan, P., McMahon, E., Bradley, S., & Butler, E. (2018). Understanding young people’s relationship breakups using the dual processing model of coping and bereavement. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 23(3), 192-210. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2018.1426979

  • Mofatteh, M. (2020). Risk factors associated with stress, anxiety, and depression among university undergraduate students. AIMS Public Health, 8(1), 36-65. https://doi.org/10.3934/publichealth.2021004

  • Montgomery, M. (2005). Psychosocial intimacy and identity from early adolescence to emerging adulthood. Journal of Adolescent Research, 20(3), 346-374. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558404273118

  • Mukhtar, K., Javed, K., Arooj, M., & Sethi, A. (2020). Advantages, limitations and recommendations for online learning during COVID-19 pandemic era. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 36(COVID19-S4), S27-S31. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.COVID19-S4.2785

  • Neff, K. D. (2003). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85-101. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309032

  • Nicoleta, C. (2008). The impact of new media on society. Behavioral and Social Sciences. Conference proceeding 4 (pp. 121-130). CNCSIS listening B+. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/215489586_The_impact_of_new_media_on_society

  • Noon, E. J. (2018). Interpretive phenomenological analysis: An appropriate methodology for educational research? Journal of Perspectives in Applied Academic Practice, 6(1), 75-83. https://doi.org/10.14297/jpaap.v6i1.304

  • Norona, J. C., Roberson, P. N. E., & Welsh, D. P. (2017). “I learned things that make me happy, things that bring me down”: Lessons from romantic relationships in adolescence and emerging adulthood. Journal of Adolescent Research, 32(2), 155-182. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558415605166

  • Pal, K. (2020). Psychological Understanding Among Love And Relationships Kanchan Pal* (P.G Scholar). ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344682596_PSYCHOLOGICAL_UNDERSTANDING_AMONG_LOVE_AND_RELATIONSHIPS_KANCHAN_PAL_PG_SCHOLAR

  • Perdana, R., Riwayani, R., Jumadi, J., & Rosana, D. (2019). Development, reliability, and validity of open-ended test to measure student’s digital literacy skill. International Journal of Educational Research Review, 4(4), 504-516. https://doi.org/10.24331/ijere.628309

  • Rahman, M. S. (2016). The advantages and disadvantages of using qualitative and quantitative approaches and methods in language “testing and assessment” research: A literature review. Journal of Education and Learning, 6(1), 102-112. https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v6n1p102

  • Ramos, C., & Leal, I. (2013). Posttraumatic growth in the aftermath of trauma: A literature review about related factors and application contexts. Psychology, Community & Health, 2(1), 43-54. https://doi.org/10.5964/pch.v2i1.39

  • Rogalla, K. B. (2020). Anticipatory grief, proactive coping, social support, and growth: Exploring positive experiences of preparing for loss. OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying, 81(1), 107-129. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222818761461

  • Ruppel, E. K., & Curran, M. A. (2012). Relational sacrifices in romantic relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 29(4), 508-529. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407511431190

  • Rusbult, C. E., Martz, J. M., & Agnew, C. R. (1998). The investment model scale: Measuring commitment level, satisfaction level, quality of alternatives, and investment size. Personal Relationships, 5(4), 357-387. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.1998.tb00177.x

  • Sbarra, D. A., & Emery, R. E. (2005). The emotional sequelae of nonmarital relationship dissolution: Analysis of change and intraindividual variability over time. Personal Relationships, 12(2), 213-232. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1350-4126.2005.00112.x

  • Shimek, C., & Bello, R. (2014). Coping with break-ups: Rebound relationships and gender socialization. Social Sciences, 2014, 24-43. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci3010024

  • Tashiro, T., & Frazier, P. (2003). “I’ll never be in a relationship like that again”: Personal growth following romantic relationship breakups. Personal Relationships, 10(1), 113-128. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6811.00039

  • Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The posttraumatic growth inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(3), 455-471. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02103658

  • Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). TARGET ARTICLE: “Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence.” Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1501_01

  • Tiron, M.-L., & Ursu, A. (2023). Personal growth and psychological well-being after a romantic break. Psychreg Journal of Psychology, 7(2), 54-64. https://doi.org/k7v2

  • Wood, A. M., Maltby, J., Gillett, R., Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2008). The role of gratitude in the development of social support, stress, and depression: Two longitudinal studies. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(4), 854-871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2007.11.003