PERTANIKA JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES

Indiscriminate manure disposal has been highlighted as a significant cause of environmental contamination due to the presence of various biological and chemical irritants. It includes pathogens, antibiotics, and organic pollutants, all of which have the potential to harm not only the environment but also human health. Several incidents have been reported, most notably among farmers and those living near the farms, as a result of air and water pollution caused by manure losses. Acute and chronic exposure to these hazards may result in a variety of health issues, including infection, inflammation, and even cancer. Despite this, humans are constantly exposed to these risk agents due to a lack of awareness of proper disposal methods and knowledge of the risk agents’ associations with diseases. Thus, the review discusses the potential health risk or diseases linked to poultry manure and recommends future measures to minimise the hazards to farmers’ health and the environment posed by their existing practices.

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