INTRODUCTION


Pertanika publishes the official journals of Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), under UPM Press. The international peer-reviewed journals are devoted to the publication of original papers and serve as fora for practical approaches to improving quality in issues pertaining to tropical agriculture; science and technology; social sciences and humanities; and related fields. The goal is to bring the highest quality research to the widest possible audience. We aim for excellence, sustained by a responsible and professional approach to journal publishing.

Pertanika began publication in 1978 as the Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science. In 1992, a decision was made to streamline Pertanika into 3 journals to meet the need for specialised journals in areas of study aligned with the interdisciplinary strengths of the university. Pertanika series also include Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology and Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities.

Pertanika journals are international peer-reviewed journals devoted to the publication of original papers. They serve as a forum for practical approaches to improving quality in issues pertaining to tropical agriculture and its related fields, science, and engineering research, and also deals in research or theories in social and behavioural sciences as well as the humanities, particularly within the Asia Pacific region.

At Pertanika Journals, we know the importance of your research being published as quickly and efficiently as possible. With your input, we can guarantee a streamlined production process to ensure that your papers can reach the academic community rapidly and with maximum impact.

Pertanika policy prohibits an author from submitting the same manuscript for concurrent consideration by two or more publications. It prohibits as well publication of any manuscript that has already been published either in whole or substantial part elsewhere.