PERTANIKA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Polymerised aluminium ferric sulphate (PAFS) was prepared from aluminium dross as a coagulant in wastewater treatment. The effects of leaching time, leaching temperature, and sulfuric acid concentrations on the turbidity removal of the wastewater were investigated, and the optimum conditions were determined using response surface methodology. The results showed that the optimum PAFS preparation conditions were at a leaching time of 60 minutes, a leaching temperature of 65°C, and a sulfuric acid concentration of 1 mol/L. Furthermore, experiments were performed to investigate the effect of coagulant dosages using the PAFS prepared under the optimum leaching conditions, settling time and initial pH of the wastewater on the turbidity removal efficiency. As a result, it was found that the optimum coagulation conditions for PAFS coagulants were at a settling time of 15 minutes, coagulant dosage of 0.5g, and raw water pH 8. Under these optimum conditions, the turbidity removal efficiency of the wastewater was 91.45%. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of aluminium dross utilisation as a coagulant agent for wastewater treatment. Therefore, it can be concluded that PAFS prepared by leaching metal oxides from aluminium dross is an effective wastewater coagulant.

• Adeosun, S. O., Sekunowo, O. I., Taiwo, O. O., Ayoola, W. A., & Machado, A. (2014). Physical and mechanical properties of aluminum dross. Advances in Materials, 3(2), 6-10. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.am.20140302.11

• Cao, B., Gao, B., Wang, M., Sun, X., & Wang, J. (2015). Floc properties of polyaluminum ferric chloride in water treatment: The effect of Al/Fe molar ratio and basicity. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 458, 247-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2015.07.057

• Chen, J., Li, X., Cai, W., Shi, Y., Hui, X., Cai, Z., Jin, W., & Fan, J. (2020). High-efficiency extraction of aluminum from low-grade kaolin via a novel low-temperature activation method for the preparation of poly-aluminum-ferric-sulfate coagulant. Journal of Cleaner Production, 257, Article 120399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120399

• Cui, L., Guo, Y., Wang, X., Du, Z., & Cheng, F. (2015). Dissolution kinetics of aluminum and iron from coal mining waste by hydrochloric acid. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 23(3), 590-596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2014.05.017

• Dai, C., & Apelian, D. (2016). Fabrication and characterization of aluminum dross-containing mortar composites: Upcycling of a waste product. Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy, 3(2), 230-238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-016-0071-7

• Das, B. R., Dash, B., Tripathy, B. C., Bhattacharya, I. N., & Das, S. C. (2006). Production of η-alumina from waste aluminium dross. Minerals Engineering, 20(3), 252-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2006.09.002

• David, E., & Kopac, J. (2013). Aluminum recovery as a product with high added value using aluminum hazardous waste. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 261, 316-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.07.042

• Elinwa, A. U., & Mbadike, E. (2011). The use of aluminum waste for concrete production. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 10(1), 217-220. https://doi.org/10.3130/jaabe.10.217

• Feng, H., Zhang, G., Yang, Q., Xun, L., Zhen, S., & Liu, D. (2020). The investigation of optimizing leaching efficiency of Al in secondary aluminum dross via pretreatment operations. Processes, 8(10), Article 1269. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8101269

• Gao, J. Y., Gao, F. Z., Zhu, F., Luo, X. H., Jiang, J., & Feng, L. (2019). Synergistic coagulation of bauxite residue-based polyaluminum ferric chloride for dyeing wastewater treatment. Journal of Central South University, 26(2), 449-457. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-019-4017-7

• Jiang, Z., & Zhu, J. (2021). Preparation, characterization and coagulation performance of a composite coagulant: Polymeric aluminum ferric sulfate. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 647, No. 1, p. 012059). IOP Publishing.

• Kim, Y. S., Kim, M. H., & Yoo, C. K. (2010). A new statistical framework for parameter subset selection and optimal parameter estimation in the activated sludge model. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 183(1-3), 441-447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.07.044

• Lei, G., Ma, J., Guan, X., Song, A., & Cui, Y. (2009). Effect of basicity on coagulation performance of polyferric chloride applied in eutrophicated raw water. Desalination, 247(1-3), 518-529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2008.06.026

• Li, A., Zhang, H., & Yang, H. (2014). Evaluation of aluminum dross as raw material for high-alumina refractory. Ceramics International, 40(8), 12585-12590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.04.069

• Liang, J., Wang, W., Liu, H., Wang, E., Zhong, Y., Li, Y., & Luo, K. (2020). Optimization of preparation conditions for liquid polymeric ferric sulfate by response surface analysis. Advances in Environmental Protection, 10(01), 85-97. https://doi.org/10.12677/aep.2020.101010

• Mahinroosta, M., & Allahverdi, A. (2018). Enhanced alumina recovery from secondary aluminum dross for high purity nanostructured γ-alumina powder production: Kinetic study. Journal of Environmental Management, 212, 278-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.02.009

• Mahinroosta, M., & Allahverdi, A. (2018). Hazardous aluminum dross characterization and recycling strategies: A critical review. Journal of Environmental Management, 223, 452-468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.06.068

• Mailar, G., Sreedhara, B. M., Manu, D. S., Hiremath, P., & Jayakesh, K. (2016). Investigation of concrete produced using recycled aluminium dross for hot weather concreting conditions. Resource-Efficient Technologies, 2(2), 68-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reffit.2016.06.006

• Mavinkattimath, R. G., Kodialbail, V. S., & Govindan, S. (2017). Simultaneous adsorption of Remazol brilliant blue and disperse orange dyes on red mud and isotherms for the mixed dye system. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(23), 18912-18925. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9278-9

• Mohd-Salleh, S. N. A., Shaylinda, M. Z. N., Othman, N., Yashni, G., & Norshila, A. B. (2020). Coagulation performance and mechanism of a new coagulant (polyaluminium chloride-tapioca peel powder) for landfill leachate treatment. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 15(6), 3709-3722.

• Murayama, N., Maekawa, I., Ushiro, H., Miyoshi, T., Shibata, J., & Valix, M. (2012). Synthesis of various layered double hydroxides using aluminum dross generated in aluminum recycling process. International Journal of Mineral Processing, 110, 46-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.minpro.2012.03.011

• Mwewa, B., Stopić, S., Ndlovu, S., Simate, G. S., Xakalashe, B., & Friedrich, B. (2019). Synthesis of poly-alumino-ferric sulphate coagulant from acid mine drainage by precipitation. Metals, 9(11), Article 1166. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9111166

• Pepper, R. A., Couperthwaite, S. J., & Millar, G. J. (2016). Comprehensive examination of acid leaching behaviour of mineral phases from red mud: Recovery of Fe, Al, Ti, and Si. Minerals Engineering, 99, 8-18.

• Reddy, M. S., & Neeraja, D. (2016). Mechanical and durability aspects of concrete incorporating secondary aluminium slag. Resource-Efficient Technologies, 2(4), 225-232.

• Rivera, R. M., Ulenaers, B., Ounoughene, G., Binnemans, K., & Van Gerven, T. (2018). Extraction of rare earths from bauxite residue (red mud) by dry digestion followed by water leaching. Minerals Engineering, 119, 82-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2018.01.023

• Sarker, M. S. R., Alam, M. Z., Qadir, M. R., Gafur, M. A., & Moniruzzaman, M. (2015). Extraction and characterization of alumina nanopowders from aluminum dross by acid dissolution process. International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy, and Materials, 22(4), 429-436.

• Su, X., Li, X., & Shen, X. (2010). Experimental study on efficient utilization of aluminum ash. Journal of Huazhong Normal University (Natural Sciences),44(2),1000-1190.

• Sun, C., Yue, Q., Gao, B., Cao, B., Mu, R., & Zhang, Z. (2012). Synthesis and floc properties of polymeric ferric aluminum chloride-polydimethyl diallylammonium chloride coagulant in coagulating humic acid-kaolin synthetic water. Chemical Engineering Journal, 185, 29-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.04.056

• Sun, Y., Zhu, C., Zheng, H., Sun, W., Xu, Y., Xiao, X., You, Z., & Liu, C. (2017). Characterization and coagulation behavior of polymeric aluminum ferric silicate for high-concentration oily wastewater treatment. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 119, 23-32.

• Tsakiridis, P. E., Oustadakis, P., & Agatzini-Leonardou, S. (2013). Aluminium recovery during black dross hydrothermal treatment. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 1(1-2), 23-32.

• Xiao, Y., Reuter, M. A., & Boin, U. D. O. (2005). Aluminium recycling and environmental issues of salt slag treatment. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, 40(10), 1861-1875. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934520500183824

• Yan, L., Wang, Y., Li, J., Shen, H., Zhang, C., & Qu, T. (2016). Preparation of polymeric aluminum ferric chloride (PAFC) coagulant from fly ash for the treatment of coal-washing wastewater. Desalination and Water Treatment, 57(39), 18260-18274. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1089420

• Yang, S., Li, W., Zhang, H., Wen, Y., & Ni, Y. (2019). Treatment of paper mill wastewater using a composite inorganic coagulant prepared from steel mill waste pickling liquor. Separation and Purification Technology, 209, 238-245.

• Zhang, P., & Ren, B. (2013). Inverse emulsion polymerization of dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride and acrylamide for water treatment. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 25(7), 3966-3970. https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2013.13859

• Zhang, S., Zhu, W., Li, Q., Zhang, W., & Yi, X. (2019). Recycling of secondary aluminum dross to fabricate porous γ-Al2O3 assisted by corn straw as biotemplate. Journal of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, 7(12), 87-102. https://doi.org/10.4236/msce.2019.712010

• Zhang, Y., Li, S., Wang, X., & Li, X. (2015a). Coagulation performance and mechanism of polyaluminum ferric chloride (PAFC) coagulant synthesized using blast furnace dust. Separation and Purification Technology, 154, 345-350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2015.09.075

• Zhang, Y., Li, S., Wang, X., Ma, X., Wang, W., & Li, X. (2015b). Synthesis, purification and characterization of polyaluminum ferric chloride (PAFC) with high (Al+ Fe) b content. Separation and Purification Technology, 146, 311-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2015.03.045

• Zhao, H., Liu, H., & Qu, J. (2011). Aluminum speciation of coagulants with low concentration: Analysis by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 379(1-3), 43-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.11.045

• Zhao, X., Yang, T., Liu, L., Zhang, X., Fan, L., & Huang, Y. (2016). Effect of aluminum speciation on silica removal during coagulation of heavy-oil wastewater using polyaluminum chloride. Desalination and Water Treatment, 57(25), 11789-11799. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1044917

• Zhu,G., Zheng, H., Zhang, Z., Tshukudu, T., Zhang, P., & Xiang, X. (2011). Characterization and coagulation-flocculation behavior of polymeric aluminum ferric sulfate (PAFS). Chemical Engineering Journal, 178, 50-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.10.008