PERTANIKA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

As a country with the fourth largest population in the world prone to tsunami disasters, Indonesia needs a reliable, timely early warning system to mitigate the impact of disasters. Indonesia cable-based tsunameter (INA-CBT) is an undersea tsunami detection system comprising undersea pressure sensors and a shore station connected by underwater fiber optics designed to provide early warning to the threatened area. Since this system performs a critical role in disaster mitigation, the system must be resilient to link failure and deliver timely warning information. This system is still in its early implementation and still on a small scale. Network-wise, it uses a proprietary Layer 2 (L2) communication protocol. Extending such a network to a larger scale and assessing the system’s performance may introduce challenges due to high costs and offer less flexibility. This paper aims to address those challenges and presents a scalable simulation framework of the INA-CBT system by using L2 open protocols such as spanning tree protocol (STP) and rapid spanning tree protocol (RSTP). The framework is conducted in OMNET++ simulator. The experiment shows that the downtime duration using STP and RSTP is still below the allowed value. RSTP shows a faster failover time than STP, but RSTP downtime duration fluctuates compared to a steady one of STP. The experiments also demonstrated that the variation of downtime is affected by two aspects: the number of ocean bottom units (OBUs) in the network and the position of their blocked port.

• Babu, S., & Kumar, P. A. R. (2022). A comprehensive survey on simulators, emulators, and testbeds for VANETs. International Journal of Communication Systems, 35(8), Article e5123. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.5123

• Domenikiotis, C., Loukas, A., & Dalezios, N. R. (2003). The use of NOAA/AVHRR satellite data for monitoring and assessment of forest fires and floods. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 3(1/2), 115–128. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-3-115-2003

• Hamdani, M., Irawan, D., Kusuma, A. A. N. A., Agastani, T., & Iqbal, M. (2023). Preliminary assessment of using spanning tree open protocols in INA-CBT communication system. In P. H. Khotimah (Ed.), The 2022 International Conference on Computer, Control, Informatics and its Applications (pp. 6–10). Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). https://doi.org/10.1145/3575882.3575884

• Iqbal, M., Suwandi, B., Diana, M., Dewi, M. F., Herminawan, F. W., Giyana, R. F., Anggraeni, S. P., Firdaus, M. Y., Wibawa, Y. P., Palokoto, T. B., Utama, R. P., Marianto, F. A., Hamidah, M., Rahardjo, S., Purnomo, E., & Yogantara, W. W. (2021, November 8-9). Performance analysis of Indonesia cable based tsunameter (INA-CBT) rokatenda ring topology. [Paper presentation]. IEEE Ocean Engineering Technology and Innovation Conference: Ocean Observation, Technology and Innovation in Support of Ocean Decade of Science (OETIC), Jakarta, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.1109/OETIC53770.2021.9733745

• Iwata, A., Hidaka, Y., Umayabashi, M., Enomoto, N., Arutaki, A., Takagi, K., Cavendish, D., & Izmailov, R. (2004). Global open Ethernet architecture for a cost-effective scalable VPN solution. IEICE Transactions on Communications, 87(1), 142–151.

• Johnson, D. B., & Maltz, D. A. (1996). Dynamic source routing in ad hoc wireless networks. In T. Imielinski, & H. F. Korth (Eds.), Mobile Computing (pp.153–181). Springer https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-29603-6_5

• Kaiser, F., & Witthaut, D. (2021). Topological theory of resilience and failure spreading in flow networks. Physical Review Research, 3(2), Article 23161. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.3.023161

• Kolarov, A., Sengupta, B., & Iwata, A. (2004, November 29 – December 3). Design of multiple reverse spanning trees in next generation of Ethernet-VPNs. [Paper presentation]. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, Dallas, USA. https://doi.org/10.1109/GLOCOM.2004.1378212

• Kusuma, A. A. N. A., Agastani, T., Nugroho, T., Anggraeni, S. P., & Hartawan, A. R. (2022, December 6-7). Estimating MQTT performance in a virtual testbed of INA-CBT communication sub-system. [Paper presentation]. International Conference on Radar, Antenna, Microwave, Electronics, and Telecommunications (ICRAMET), Bandung, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRAMET56917.2022.9991213

• Marchese, M., & Mongelli, M. (2012). Simple protocol enhancements of rapid spanning tree protocol over ring topologies. Computer Networks, 56(4), 1131–1151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2011.10.008

• Mikada, H., Hirata, K., Matsumoto, H., Kawaguchi, K., Watanabe, T., Otsuka, R., & Morita, S. (2003, June 25-27). Scientific results from underwater earthquake monitoring using cabled observatories. [Paper presentation]. International Conference Physics and Control. Proceedings (Cat. No.03EX708), Tokyo, Japan. https://doi.org/10.1109/SSC.2003.1224100

• Mupparapu, S. S., Bartos, R., & Haag, M. (2005, August 21-24). Performance evaluation of ad hoc protocols for underwater networks. [Paper presentation]. Fourteenth International Symposium on Unmanned Untethered Submersible Technology (UUST’05), Durham, USA.

• Perlman, R. (1985). An algorithm for distributed computation of a spanningtree in an extended LAN. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 15(4), 44–53. https://doi.org/10.1145/318951.319004

• Perlman, R. (2000). Interconnections: Bridges, Routers, Switches, and Internetworking Protocols. Addison Wesley.

• Premod, D. M., Kumar, K. S. A., Joseph, K. S., Kumar, B. K. P., Miny, G., & Shenoi, V. S. (2013, October 23-25). Network design for submarine sonar systems. [Paper presentation]. Ocean Electronics (SYMPOL), Kochi, India. https://doi.org/10.1109/SYMPOL.2013.6701937

• Privadi, A., Damara, D. R., Widati, P. L., & Triputra, F. R. (2021, November 8-9). Indonesia’s cable based tsunameter (CBT) system as an earthquake disaster mitigation system in East Nusa Tenggara. [Paper presentation]. IEEE Ocean Engineering Technology and Innovation Conference: Ocean Observation, Technology and Innovation in Support of Ocean Decade of Science (OETIC), Jakarta, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.1109/OETIC53770.2021.9733734

• Prytz, G. (2007, September 25-28). Network recovery time measurements of RSTP in an ethernet ring topology. [Paper presentation]. IEEE Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (EFTA), Patras, Greece. https://doi.org/10.1109/EFTA.2007.4416924

• Purwoadi, M. A., Anantasena, Y., Pandoe, W. W., Widodo, J., & Sakya, A. E. (2023, March 6-9). Introduction to Indonesian cable-based subsea tsunameter. [Paper presentation]. IEEE Underwater Technology (UT), Tokyo, Japan. https://doi.org/10.1109/UT49729.2023.10103368

• Steinbach, T., Kenfack, H. D., Korf, F., & Schmidt, T. C. (2011, March 21-25). An extension of the OMNeT++ INET framework for simulating real-time ethernet with high accuracy. [Paper presentation]. Proceedings of the 4th International ICST Conference on Simulation Tools and Techniques, Barcelona, Spain.

• Varga, A. (2010). OMNeT++. In K. Wehrle, M. Gunes & J. Gross (Eds.) Modeling and Tools for Network Simulation (pp. 35–59). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12331-3_3

• Wang, T., Wang, X., Wang, Z., Guo, C., Moran, B., & Zukerman, M. (2021). Optimal tree topology for a submarine cable network with constrained internodal latency. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 39(9), 2673–2683. https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2021.3057171

• Widiyantoro, S., Gunawan, E., Muhari, A., Rawlinson, N., Mori, J., Hanifa, N. R., Susilo, S., Supendi, P., Shiddiqi, H. A., Nugraha, A. D., & Putra, H. E. (2020). Implications for megathrust earthquakes and tsunamis from seismic gaps south of Java Indonesia. Scientific Reports, 10(1), Article 15274. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72142-z

• Zhang, L., Kim, T. H., Liu, C., Sun, M. T., & Lim, A. (2008, December 15-18). Traffic-aware routing tree for underwater 3-D geographic routing. [Paper presentation]. International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing, Sydney, Australia. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISSNIP.2008.4762036