This paper reviews biotic and abiotic factors that influence the life cycle of fireflies. This review paper has screened and chosen articles by using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) from two databases: Semantic Scholar (n = 1080) and Google Scholar (n = 2280). From this review, generally, abiotic factors, i.e., water level in soil, air temperature, air humidity, rainy season, altitude, water salinity (NaCl), wind direction, wind speed, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and maximum air pollution index (API) were most likely influenced the population abundance and distribution of the fireflies in Southeast Asia. Biotic factors include the presence of Cyclotropis carinata snails, vegetation health, tree suitability (leaf size, density, arrangement of leaves, tree location), insecticides (Saponins) in some vegetation species, plant structural architecture, and food (nectar and sap) were the most likely to influence the presence of fireflies species even though synchronous firefly of Southeast Asia were found in other vegetation species, Sonneratia caseolaris (Berembang) still the most preferred display tree. From this review, we also found that Malaysia has the highest reported findings on firefly studies in this region. To conclude, numerous abiotic and biotic elements should be researched further to determine their relationship to firefly populations and other vertebrate - invertebrates in their natural environment.

• Abdullah, N. A., Asri, L. N., Radzi, S. N. F., Musbah, M., Hazmi, I. R., & Sulaiman, N. (2020). Abiotic factors influencing diversity and abundance of congregating fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) in Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia. Oriental Insects, 55(2), 149-164. https://doi.org/10.1080/00305316.2020.1757529

• Abdullah, N. A., Radzi, S., Asri, L. N., Idris, N. S., Husin, S., Sulaiman, A., Khamis, S., Sulaiman, N., & Hazmi, I. R. (2019). Insect community in riparian zones of Sungai Sepetang, Sungai Rembau and Sungai Chukai of Peninsular Malaysia. Biodiversity Data Journal, 7, Article e35679. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.7.e35679

• Asri, L. N., Abdullah, N. A., Sulaiman, A., Asri, M. H. M., Sulaiman, N., Satiman, E. M. F. E. N., Husin, S. M., Shukor, A. M & Darbis, N. D. A. (2021). Abundance and species composition of synchronous flashing firefly at Sungai Rembau, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 41, 1095-1106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-020-00295-5

• Badruddin, N., & Ballantyne, L. (2020, December 16-17). Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) of Fraser’s Hill, Pahang, Malaysia. In Fraser’s Hill Symposium 2020 (pp. 86-90). Selangor, Malaysia,

• Ballantyne, L. A. (2001). The bent winged fireflies of Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae: Luciolini). Serangga, 6(1), 51-95.

• Ballantyne, L. A., & Lambkin, C. (2001). A new firefly, Luciola (Pygoluciola) kinabalua, new species (Coleoptera: Lampyridae), from Malaysia, with observations on a possible copulation clamp. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 49(2), 363-378.

• Ballantyne, L. A., & McLean, M. R. (1970). Revisional studies on the firefly genus Pteroptyx olivier (coleoptera: lampyridae: Luciolinae: Luciolini). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 96(2), 223-305.

• Ballantyne, L., Lambkin, C. L., Boontop, Y., & Jusoh, W. F. A. (2015). Revisional studies on the Luciolinae fireflies of Asia (Coleoptera: Lampyridae): 1. The genus Pyrophanes olivier with two new species. 2. Four new species of Pteroptyx o and 3. A new genus Inflata boontop, with redescription of Luciola indica (Motsch.) as Inflata indica comb. nov. Zootaxa, 3959(1), 1-84. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3959.1.1

• Branham, M. A. (2002). The evolution of Lampyridae, with special emphasis on the origin of photic behavior and signal system evolution (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) (Doctoral dissertation). The Ohio State University, USA. https://www.proquest.com/pagepdf/305559117?accountid=27932

• Chan, S. H. (2012). Special Ecology Feature: Habitat Enhancement for Fireflies. A Centre for Urban Greenery and Ecology Publication. https://www.nparks.gov.sg/-/media/cuge/ebook/citygreen/cg4/cg4_15.ashx?la=en&hash=7864FDE4256090D472BC53EB2982EF0D61E45FAC

• Cheng, S., Chan, K. M., Ishak, S. F., Khoo, V., & Chew, M. Y. (2017). Elucidating food plants of the aggregative, synchronously flashing Southeast Asian firefly, Pteroptyx tener olivier (Coleoptera, Lampyridae). BioRisk, 12, 25-39. https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.12.14061

• Chey V. K. (2009). Fireflies of Tuaran. Sepilok Bulletin, Sabah Forestry Department. http://www.forest.sabah.gov.my/docs/frc/Sepilok%20Bulletin%20Vol.%2010.pdf

• Chey, V. K. (2004). Fireflies of Sungai Klias and their display trees. Sepilok Bulletin, Sabah Forestry Department. http://www.forest.sabah.gov.my/docs/frc/Sepilok%20Bulletin%20Vol.%201.pdf

• Chey, V. K. (2008). Fireflies of Sepilok. Sepilok Bulletin, Sabah Forestry Department. http://www.forest.sabah.gov.my/docs/frc/Sepilok%20Bulletin%20Vol.%209.pdf

• Chey, V. K. (2010). Fireflies of Beaufort with special reference to Sungai Garama and Sungai Klias. Sepilok Bulletin, Sabah Forestry Department. http://www.forest.sabah.gov.my/docs/frc/Sepilok%20Bulletin%20Vol.%2012.pdf

• Chey, V. K. (2011). Fireflies of Pulau Sakar. Sepilok Bulletin, Sabah Forestry Department. http://www.forest.sabah.gov.my/docs/frc/Sepilok%20Bulletin%20Vol.%2013%20&%20Vol.%2014.pdf

• DeWalt, R. E., Kondratieff, B. C., & Sandberg, J. B. (2015). Order Plecoptera. In Thorp and Covich’s Freshwater Invertebrates: Ecology and General Biology: Fourth Edition (Vol. 1, pp. 933-949). Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385026-3.00036-X

• Edde, P. A. (2022). Arthropod pests of rapeseed (canola) (Brassica napus L.). In Field Crop Arthropod Pests of Economic Importance (pp. 933-949). Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818621-3.00004-5

• Faudzi, R., Abas, A., Othman, N. W., & Mazlan, S. M. (2021). Effect of water quality on the abundance of firefly populations at Cherating River, Pahang, Malaysia. EnvironmentAsia, 14(1), 69-79. https://doi.org/10.14456/ea.2021.8

• Foo, K., & Mahadimenakbar, M. D. (2015). Diversity of fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) of Sungai Teratak, Sabah, Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Biology & Conservation (JTBC), 12, 1-11.

• Hazmi, I. R., & Sagaff, S. A. S. (2017). Fireflies population and the aquaculture industry (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) of the Sungai Sepetang, Kampung Dew, Perak, Malaysia. Serangga, 22(2), 217-237.

• Hermann, S. L., Xue, S., Rowe, L., Davidson-Lowe, E., Myers, A., Eshchanov, B., & Bahlai, C. A. (2016). Thermally moderated firefly activity is delayed by precipitation extremes. Royal Society Open Science, 3(12), Article 160712. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160712

• Iguchi, Y. (2002). The influence of temperature on flash interval in the Genji-firefly Luciola cruciata (Coleoptera: Lampyridae). Entomological Review of Japan, 57, 119-122.

• Jaikla, S., Lewis, S. M., Thancharoen, A., & Pinkaew, N. (2020). Distribution, abundance, and habitat characteristics of the congregating firefly, Pteroptyx olivier (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) in Thailand. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity, 13(3), 358-366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2020.06.002

• Juliana, W. W., Shahril, M. M., Rahman, N. N. A., Nurhanim, M. N., Maimon, A., & Norela, S. (2012). Vegetation profile of the firefly habitat along the riparian zones of Sungai Selangor at Kampung Kuantan, Kuala Selangor. Malaysian Applied Biology, 41(1), 55-58.

• Jusoh, W. F. A. W., & Hashim, N. R. (2012). The effect of habitat modification on firefly populations at the Rembau-Linggi estuary, Peninsular Malaysia. In Lampyrid, (Vol. 2, pp. 149-155). Brazen Head Publishing.

• Jusoh, W. F. A. W., Hashim, N. R., & Ibrahim, Z. Z. (2009). Distribution, abundance and habitat characteristics of congregating fireflies (Luciolinae: Lampyridae) in Rembau-Linggi Estuary, Peninsular Malaysia. In Proceedings of Postgraduate Qolloquium (pp. 331-336). Bangi, Malaysia.

• Jusoh, W. F. A. W., Hashim, N. R., & Ibrahim, Z. Z. (2010a). Firefly distribution and abundance on mangrove vegetation assemblages in Sepetang estuary, Peninsular Malaysia. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 18, 367-373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-009-9172-4

• Jusoh, W. F. A. W., Hashim, N. R., & Ibrahim, Z. Z. (2010b). Distribution and abundance of Pteroptyx fireflies in Rembau-Linggi estuary, Peninsular Malaysia. Environment Asia, 3(special issue), 56-60. https://doi.org/10.14456/EA.2010.40

• Jusoh, W. F. A. W., Wong, C. H., & Hashim, N. R. (2011). Zonation of firefly species and their display trees along Kerteh River, Terengganu. Serangga, 16(2), 59-66.

• Jusoh, W. F., Ballantyne, L., Lambkin, C. L., Hashim, N. R., & Wahlberg, N. (2018). The firefly genus Pteroptyx Olivier revisited (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae). Zootaxa, 4456(1), 1-71. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4456.1.1

• Khoo, V., Nada, B., Kirton, L. G., & Phon, C. K. (2012). Monitoring the population of the firefly Pteroptyx tener along the Selangor River, Malaysia for conservation and sustainable ecotourism. In Lampyrid, (Vol. 2, pp. 162-173). Brazen Head Publishing.

• Kirton, L. G., Nada, B., Tan, S. A., Ang, L. H., Tang, L. K., Hui, T. F., & Ho, W. M. (2006). The Kampung Kuantan firefly project: A preliminary assessment of the habitat requirements of Pteroptyx tener (Coleoptera: Lampyridae). Forest Research Institute Malaysia. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/B-Nada/publication/237235622_The_Kampung_Kuantan_Firefly_Project_A_Preliminary_Assessment_of_the_Habitat_Requirements_of_Pteroptyx_tener_Coleoptera_Lampyridae/links/59930313aca272ec9084b5af/The-Kampung-Kuantan-Firefly-Project-A-Preliminary-Assessment-of-the-Habitat-Requirements-of-Pteroptyx-tener-Coleoptera-Lampyridae.pdf

• Lauff, R. (2017). “Fireflies, glow-worms, and lightning bugs: Identification and natural history of the fireflies of the Eastern and Central United States and Canada” by Lynn Frierson Faust, 2017. The Canadian Field-Naturalist, 131(2), 191-192. https://doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v131i2.2002

• Leong, K. H., Tan, L. L., & Mustafa, A. M. (2007). Contamination levels of selected organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides in the Selangor River, Malaysia between 2002 and 2003. Chemosphere, 66(6), 1153-1159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.06.009

• Lewis, S. M., Wong, C. H., Owens, A., Fallon, C., Jepsen, S., Thancharoen, A., Wu, C., De Cock, R., Novak, M., Lopez-Palafox, T., Khoo, V., & Reed, J. M. (2020). A global perspective on firefly extinction threats. BioScience, 70(2), 157-167. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biz157

• Li, F. R., Liu, J. L., Liu, C. A., Liu, Q. J., & Niu, R. X. (2013). Shrubs and species identity effects on the distribution and diversity of ground-dwelling arthropods in a Gobi desert. Journal of Insect Conservation, 17(2), 319-331.

• Ohba, N., & Wong, C. H. (2004). External morphology and ecological study of the firefly, Pteroptyx tener at Kampong Kuantan, Selangor, Malaysia. Science Report of Yokosuka City Museum, 51, 1-33.

• Osman, N. I., Sidik, N. J., & Awal, A. (2017). Ethnobotanical profiles and phytochemical constituents of Barringtonia racemosa L. for potential scrutiny of bioactive compounds through plant biotechnology. Journal of Natural Remedies, 17(2), 57-68. https://doi.org/10.18311/jnr/2017/15945

• Othman, N. W., Sulaiman, N., Abdullah, N. H., & Ramli, R. (2018). Mouthpart and digestive tract morphology of the synchronised firefly, Pteroptyx tener (Coleoptera: Lampyridae). Serangga, 23(2), 170-182.

• Prasertkul, T. (2018). Characteristics of Pteroptyx firefly congregations in a human dominated habitat. Journal of Insect Behavior, 31, 436-457. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10905-018-9687-8

• Sartsanga, C., Swatdipong, A., & Sriboonlert, A. (2018). Distribution of the firefly genus Pteroptyx olivier and a new record of Pteroptyx asymmetria Ballantyne (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae) in Thailand. The Coleopterists Bulletin, 72(1), 171-183. https://doi.org/10.1649/0010-065X-72.1.171

• Seri, N. A., & Rahman, A. A. (2021). Fireflies in South East Asia: Species diversity, distribution, and habitat (2015-2021). Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science, 44(4), 713- 743. https://doi.org/10.47836/pjtas.44.4.02

• Shahara, A., Nura, A. M. R., Maimon, A., & Norela, S. (2017). Assessment of firefly abundance at a new ecotourism site of Sungai Bernam, Selangor, Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal, 69(2), 67-74.

• Sriboonlert, A., Swatdipong, A., Wonnapinij, P., Teerasak, E., & Thancharoen, A. (2015). New record of Pteroptyx tener olivier (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae) in Thailand. The Coleopterists Bulletin, 69(2), 332-336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065X-69.2.332

• Stork, N. E. (2018). How many species of insects and other terrestrial arthropods are there on Earth? Annual Review of Entomology, 63, 31-45. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043348

• Sulaiman, N., Loo, M. C., & Abdullah, M. (2017). Association between the firefly population and some biotic and abiotic factors along the Sungai Sepetang river banks at Kampung Dew. Malayan Nature Journal, 69(3), 110-118.

• Thancharoen, A. (2007). The biology and mating behavior of an aquatic firely species, Luciola Aquatilis Sp. Nov. Thancharoen (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) (Doctoral dissertation). Mahidol University, Bangkok.

• Thancharoen, A., & Kitthawee, S. (2001, October 8-11). Diversity of firefly populations in highland and lowland habitats [Conference session]. In 5th BRT Annual Conference. Udon Thani, Thailand.

• Usener, J. L., & Cognato, A. I. (2005). Patterns of mitochondrial diversity among desert firefly populations (Lampyridae: Microphotus octarthrus Fall). The Coleopterists Bulletin, 59(3), 361-367. https://doi.org/10.1649/796.1

• Wang, Y., Fu, X., Lei, C., Jeng, M. L., & Nobuyoshi, O. (2007). Biological characteristics of the terrestrial firefly Pyrocoelia pectoralis (Cleoptera: Lampyridae). The Coleopterists Bulletin, 61(1), 85-93. https://doi.org/10.1649/907.1

• Wattanachaiyingcharoen, W., Nak-eiam, S., & Thancharoen, A. (2011). Distribution and habitat of the firefly, asymmetricata circumdata (Motsch.) (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae) in the North of Thailand. NU International Journal of Science, 8(2), 12-18.

• Wattanachaiyingcharoen, W., Nak-eiam, S., Phanmuangma, W., Booninkiaew, S., & Nimlob, N. (2016). Species diversity of firefly (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) in the highlands of Northern Thailand. NU International Journal of Science, 13(2), 24-32.

• Wijekoon, W. M. C. D., Wegiriya, H. C. E., & Bogahawatha, C. N. L. (2012). Regional diversity of fireflies of the subfamily luciolinae (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) in Sri Lanka. Lampyrid, 2, 138-141.