PERTANIKA JOURNAL OF TROPICAL AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE

Nipa palm sap (NPS) as source of medicine traditionally used to treat various diseases. This study identified good radical scavenging activity in NPS with the IC50 value of 33.36 μg/mL using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. NPS comprises of moisture (72.44%), ash (1.04%), protein (7.04%), carbohydrate (19.48%), fat (0%), and energy level (106 kcal). Glucose (0.3%) and fructose (1.8%) were detected using high-performance liquid chromatography. Maleic acid, cinnamic acid, chlorogenic acid, and kaempferol were the predominant compounds revealed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography. Overall, NPS has the potential antioxidants sources with significant health benefits and values for commercialisation.

• Ahmed, I. A., Mikail, M. A., Ibrahim, M., Hazali, N., Rasad, M. S. B. A., Ghani, R. A., Wahab, R. A., Arief, S. J., & Yahya, M. N. A. (2015). Antioxidant activity and phenolic profile of various morphological parts of underutilised Baccaurea angulata fruit. Food Chemistry, 172, 778-787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.09.122

• Al-Numair, K. S., Chandramohan, G., Veeramani, C., & Alsaif, M. A. (2015). Ameliorative effect of kaempferol, a flavonoid, on oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Redox Report, 20(5), 198-209. https://doi.org/10.1179/1351000214Y.0000000117

• Association of Official Analytical Chemists (2000). Official methods of analysis of AOAC international (17th Ed.). AOAC International.

• Cavender, G., Liu, M., Fernandez-Salvador, J., Hobbs, D., Strik, B., Frei, B., & Zhao, Y. (2019). Effect of different commercial fertilizers, harvest date, and storage time on two organically grown blackberry cultivars: Physicochemical properties, antioxidant properties, and sugar profiles. Journal of Food Quality, 2019, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1390358

• Ekor, M. (2014). The growing use of herbal medicines: Issues relating to adverse reactions and challenges in monitoring safety. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 4(10), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2013.00177

• Hafizi, S. A., Razip, A. M., Aliana, W. S., & Tarmizi, W. Y. (2018). Crystallisation and biological studies of Nypa fruticans Wurmb Sap. Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, 1(1), 37-42. https://doi.org/10.24198/ijpst.v1i1.16122

• Hamdan, O., Aziz, H. K., Shamsudin, I., & Barizan, R. S. R. (2012). Status of mangroves in Peninsular Malaysia. Forest Research Institute Malaysia.

• Kong, K. W., Mat-Junit, S., Aminudin, N., Ismail, A., & Abdul-Aziz, A. (2012). Antioxidant activities and polyphenolics from the shoots of Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Spreng in a polar to a polar medium system. Food Chemistry, 134(1), 324-332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.150

• Lourenço, S. C., Moldão-Martins, M., & Alves, V. D. (2019). Antioxidants of natural plant origins: From sources to food industry applications. Molecules, 24(22), Article 4132. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24224132

• Mohd, Z. M. S., Mohamed, R. O., & Mohd, W. S. (2011). Determination of hydrocyanic acid in Nipah fruit (Nypa fruticans). Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, 15(2), 258-264.

• Olalude, C. B., Oyedeji, F. O., & Adegboyega, A. M. (2015). Physicochemical analysis of Daucus carota (carrot) juice for possible industrial applications. Journal of Applied Chemistry, 8(8), 110-113. https://doi.org/10.9790/5736-0882110113

• Phetrit, R., Chaijan, M., Sorapukdee, S., & Panpipat, W. (2020). Characterisation of Nipa Palm’s (Nypa fruticans Wurmb.) sap and syrup as functional food ingredients. Sugar Tech, 22(1), 191-201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12355-019-00756-3

• Prasad, N., Yang, B., Kong, K. W., Khoo, H. E., Sun, J., Azlan, A., Ismail, A., & Romli, Z. B. (2013). Phytochemicals and antioxidant capacity from Nypa fruticans Wurmb. fruit. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/154606

• Sharp, D. C., Townsend, M. S., Qian, Y., & Shellhammer, T. H. (2014). Effect of harvest maturity on the chemical composition of Cascade and Willamette hops. Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists, 72(4), 231-238. https://doi.org/10.1094/ASBCJ-2014-1002-01

• Sowndhararajan, K., & Kang, S. C. (2013). Free radical scavenging activity from different extracts of leaves of Bauhinia vahlii Wight and Arn. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 20(4), 319-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2012.12.005

• Sukairi, A. H., Sabri, W. M. A. W., Yusop, S. A. T. W., & Asaruddin, M. R. (2019). Phytochemical screening, antidiabetic, and antioxidant properties of Nypa fruticans Sap. Materials Today: Proceedings, 19, 1738-1744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.211

• Tamunaidu, P., Matsui, N., Okimori, Y., & Saka, S. (2013). Nipa (Nypa fruticans) sap as a potential feedstock for ethanol production. Biomass and Bioenergy, 52, 96-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.03.005

• Wakili, A., Abdullahi, M. B., & Madara, M. S. (2015). Proximate composition of five commonly used horticultural products in northern Nigeria. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 4(7), 924-928.

• Yusoff, N. A., Yam, M. F., Beh, H. K., Razak, K. N. A., Widyawati, T., Mahmud, R., Ahmad, M., & Asmawi, M. Z. (2015). Antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of Nypa fruticans Wurmb. vinegar sample from Malaysia. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 8, 595-605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtm.2015.07.015

• Zhao, Y., Wang, J., Ballevre, O., Luo, H., & Zhang, W. (2012). Antihypertensive effects and mechanisms of chlorogenic acids. Hypertension Research, 35(4), 370-374. https://doi.org/10.1038/hr.2011.19