PERTANIKA JOURNAL OF TROPICAL AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE

Noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia L.) contains many beneficial bioactive ingredients and is used in traditional medicines and health supplements in tropical and subtropical countries. However, the fruit rots easily, so it must be rapidly processed to isolate bioactive ingredients with antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. While many different noni fruit extraction methods are available in the literature, the objective of this mini-review was to briefly assess these methods and ensure appropriate method selection for the isolation of optimal bioactive ingredients.

• Cárdenas-Coronel, W. G., Carrillo-López, A., de La Rocha, R. V., Labavitch, J. M., Báez-Sañudo, M. A., Heredia, J. B., Zazueta-Morales, J. J., Vega-García, M. O., & Sañudo-Barajas, J. A. (2016). Biochemistry and cell wall changes associated with noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) fruit ripening. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 64(1), 302–309. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03681

• Carrillo-López, A., & Yahia, E. M. (2011). Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.). In E. M. Yahia (Ed.), Postharvest biology and technology of tropical and subtropical fruits: Mangosteen to white sapote (pp. 51–62). Woodhead Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857092618.51

• Chan-Blanco, Y., Vaillant, F., Perez, A. M., Reynes, M., Brillouet, J.-M., & Brat, P. (2006). The noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia L.): A review of agricultural research, nutritional and therapeutic properties. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 19(6–7), 645–654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2005.10.001

• Chang-hong, L., Ya-rong, X., Yong-hang, Y., Feng-feng, Y., Jun-yan, L., & Jing-lei, S. (2007). Extraction and characterization of antioxidant compositions from fermented fruits juice of Morinda citrifolia (noni). Agricultural Sciences in China, 6(12), 1494–1501. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1671-2927(08)60013-9

• Chen, C.-H., Lin, T.-P., Chung, Y.-L., Lee, C.-K., Yeh, D.-B., & Chen, S.-Y. (2009). Determination of antioxidative properties of Morinda citrifolia using near supercritical fluid extraction. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 17(5), 7. https://doi.org/10.38212/2224-6614.2592

• Conde, E., Moure, A., Domínguez, H., & Parajó, J. C. (2010). Extraction of natural antioxidants from plant foods. In S. S. H. Rizvi (Ed.), Separation, extraction and concentration processes in the food, beverage and nutraceutical industries (pp. 506–594). Woodhead Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857090751.2.506

• de Almeida Lopes, M. M., Sanches, A. G., de Sousa, J. A., & de Oliveira Silva, E. (2018). Noni — Morinda citrifolia L. In S. Rodrigues, E. de O. Silva, & E. S. de Brito (Eds.), Exotic fruits (pp. 319–325). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803138-4.00042-3

• de Moraes, G. P., de Alencar, M. V. O. B., da Silva Araújo, L., Gomes, D. C. V., Paz, M. F. C. J., Islam, M. T., de Carvalho Melo-Cavalcante, A. A., & Picada, J. N. (2019). Cytogenotoxic study of aqueous fruit extract of Morinda citrifolia in Wistar albino rats. Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine, 19, 311–321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13596-019-00358-0

• Direktorat Produksi dan Distribusi Kefarmasian. (2017). Farmakope herbal Indonesia [Pharmacopoeia of Indonesia herbs] (2nd ed.). Direktorat Produksi dan Distribusi Kefarmasian.

• Dussossoy, E., Brat, P., Bony, E., Boudard, F., Poucheret, P., Mertz, C., Giaimis, J., & Michel, A. (2011). Characterization, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of Costa Rican noni juice (Morinda citrifolia L.). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 133(1), 108–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.08.063

• Guo, M., Mao, B., Sadiq, F. A., Hao, Y., Cui, S., Yi, M., Hong, Q., Lee, Y.-K., & Zhao, J. (2020). Effects of noni fruit and fermented noni juice against acute alcohol induced liver injury in mice. Journal of Functional Foods, 70, 103995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2020.103995

• Jamaludin, R., Kim, D.-S., Md Salleh, L., & Lim, S.-B. (2020). Optimization of high hydrostatic pressure extraction of bioactive compounds from noni fruits. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 14, 2810–2818. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-020-00526-w

• Krishnaiah, D., Bono, A., Sarbatly, R., & Anisuzzaman, S. M. (2015). Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of an isolated Morinda citrifolia L. methanolic extract from poly-ethersulphone (PES) membrane separator. Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences, 27(1), 63–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2013.01.002

• Krishnaiah, D., Sarbatly, R., & Nithyanandam, R. (2012). Microencapsulation of Morinda citrifolia L. extract by spray-drying. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 90(5), 622–632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2011.09.003

• Li, J., Niu, D., Zhang, Y., & Zeng, X.-A. (2020). Physicochemical properties, antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of polysaccharides from Morinda citrifolia L. (Noni) based on different extraction methods. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 150, 114–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.157

• Lin, Y.-L., Chang, Y.-Y., Yang, D.-J., Tzang, B.-S., & Chen, Y.-C. (2013). Beneficial effects of noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) juice on livers of high-fat dietary hamsters. Food Chemistry, 140(1–2), 31–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.02.035

• Lohani, M., Majrashi, M., Govindarajulu, M., Patel, M., Ramesh, S., Bhattacharya, D., Joshi, S., Fadan, M., Nadar, R., Darien, B., Maurice, D. V., Kemppainen, B., & Dhanasekaran, M. (2019). Immunomodulatory actions of a Polynesian herb Noni (Morinda citrifolia) and its clinical applications. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 47, 102206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2019.102206

• Mahattanadul, S., Ridtitid, W., Nima, S., Phdoongsombut, N., Ratanasuwon, P., & Kasiwong, S. (2011). Effects of Morinda citrifolia aqueous fruit extract and its biomarker scopoletin on reflux esophagitis and gastric ulcer in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 134(2), 243–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.12.004

• Prakash, R., Jokhan, A. D., & Singh, R. (2022). Effects of foliar application of gibberellic acid, boric acid and sucrose on noni (M. citrifolia L.) fruit growth and quality. Scientia Horticulturae, 301, 111098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2022.111098

• Riyanto, S., & Rohman, A. (2007). Isolasi skopoletin dari buah mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L.) dan uji aktivitas antioksidannya [Isolation of scopoletin from noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia L.) and its antioxidant activity test]. Agritech, 27(3), 107–111. https://doi.org/10.22146/agritech.9598

• Rojas-Sandoval, J. (2017). Morinda citrifolia (Indian mulberry). CABI Compendium. https://doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.34854

• Ruhomally, Z., Somanah, J., Bahorun, T., & Neergheen-Bhujun, V. S. (2016). Morinda citrifolia L. fruit extracts modulates H2O2-induced oxidative stress in human liposarcoma SW872 cells. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 6(3), 299–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2015.09.003

• Seader, J. D., Henley, E. J., & Roper, D. K. (2011). Separation process principles: Chemical and biochemical operations (3rd ed.). Wiley.

• Sina, H., Dramane, G., Tchekounou, P., Assogba, M. F., Chabi-Sika, K., Boya, B., Socohou, A., Adjanohoun, A., & Baba-Moussa, L. (2021). Phytochemical composition and in vitro biological activities of Morinda citrifolia fruit juice. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28(2), 1331–1335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.11.059

• Singh, D. R., & Singh, S. (2013). Phytochemicals in plant parts of noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) with special reference to fatty acid profiles of seeds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Inia Section B: Biological Sciences, 83, 471–478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-013-0154-1

• Tasfiyati, A. N., Antika, L. D., Dewi, R. T., Septama, A. W., Sabarudin, A., & Ernawati, T. (2022). An experimental design approach for the optimization of scopoletin extraction from Morinda citrifolia L. using accelerated solvent extraction. Talanta, 238(Part 1), 123010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123010

• Thoo, Y. Y., Ho, S. K., Liang, J. Y., Ho, C. W., & Tan, C. P. (2010). Effects of binary solvent extraction system, extraction time and extraction temperature on phenolic antioxidants and antioxidant capacity from mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia). Food Chemistry, 120(1), 290–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.09.064

• University of Hawaii at Manoa. (2006). The noni website: Botany. https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/noni/botany.asp

• Veggi, P. C., Martinez, J., & Meireles, M. A. A. (2013). Fundamentals of microwave extraction. In F. Chemat & G. Cravotto (Eds.), Microwave-assisted extraction for bioactive compounds: Theory and practice (pp. 15–52). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4830-3_2

• Wu, T., Li, M., & Lan, Z. (2019). Reveal the variation patterns of chemical composition in the fruit of Morinda citrifolia (noni) during postharvest storage through metabolomic characterization. Tropical Plant Biology, 12, 85–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12042-019-09222-6

• Yang, J., Gadi, R., Paulino, R., & Thomson, T. (2010). Total phenolics, ascorbic acid, and antioxidant capacity of noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) juice and powder as affected by illumination during storage. Food Chemistry, 122(3), 627–632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.03.022

• Yang, J., Paulino, R., Janke-Stedronsky, S., & Abawi, F. (2007). Free-radical-scavenging activity and total phenols of noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) juice and powder in processing and storage. Food Chemistry, 102(1), 302–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.05.020