PERTANIKA JOURNAL OF TROPICAL AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE

Various attempts have been made to increase rice production, including breeding for high-yielding and stress-tolerant varieties, a good crop management system, and increased agricultural input in rice production. Soundwave stimulation has been demonstrated to affect plant growth; thus, this method can be employed in the current rice production methods to improve yield. The study aims to determine the effects of different sound wave qualities on the general growth, physiological, and morphological of rice seedlings. Rice seeds of the MR219 variety were grown under a glasshouse condition in a nested design with five replications and were stimulated with various sound wave frequencies. Various sound wave frequencies, 380, 359, 357, 353, and 350 Hz, were obtained by placing the pot at varying distances (80, 160, 240, 320, and 400 cm, respectively) from the sound source, except control treatment. There were significant effects in some of the parameters: plant height, leaf physiology, and stomatal pore and length when treated with varying sound wave qualities. Plants can be stimulated with 380, 357, and 350 Hz soundwaves frequencies for the best photosynthetic experience. In addition, 359 Hz of sound wave stimulation resulted in high water use efficiency, which is beneficial in improving crop performance in drought conditions. Thus, it was demonstrated that the sound wave stimulation method has the potential to enhance rice performance in addition to the regular agronomic practices of rice production in farmers’ fields.

• Bochu, W., Xin, C., Zhen, W., Qizhong, F., Hao, Z., & Liang, R. (2003). Biological effect of sound field stimulation on paddy rice seeds. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 32(1), 29–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-7765(03)00128-0

• Büssis, D., von Groll, U., Fisahn, J., & Altmann, T. (2006). Stomatal aperture can compensate altered stomatal density in Arabidopsis thaliana at growth light conditions. Functional Plant Biology, 33(11), 1037-1043. https://doi.org/10.1071/FP06078

• Cai, W., He, H., Zhu, S., & Wang, N. (2014). Biological effect of audible sound control on mung bean (Vigna radiata) sprout. BioMed Research International, 2014, 931740. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/931740

• Caine, R. S., Yin, X., Sloan, J., Harrison, E. L., Mohammed, U., Fulton, T., Biswal, A. K., Dionora, J., Chater, C. C., Coe, R. A., Bandyopadhyay, A., Murchie, E. H., Swarup, R., Quick, W. P., & Gray, J. E. (2019). Rice with reduced stomatal density conserves water and has improved drought tolerance under future climate conditions. New Phytologist, 221(1), 371–384. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15344

• Chowdhury, M. E. K., Lim, H. S., & Bae, H. (2014). Update on the effects of sound wave on plants. Research in Plant Disease, 25(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.5423/rpd.2014.20.1.001

• Department of Agriculture. (2021). Statistik tanaman industri 2021 [Industrial crop statistics 2021]. DOA. http://www.doa.gov.my/index/resources/aktiviti_sumber/sumber_awam/maklumat_pertanian/perangkaan_tanaman/statistik_tanaman_industri%202021.pdf

• Department of Statistics Malaysia. (2021). Current population estimates, Malaysia, 2021. DOSM. https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=155&bul_id=ZjJOSnpJR21sQWVUcUp6ODRudm5JZz09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09

• Doheny-Adams, T., Hunt, L., Franks, P. J., Beerling, D. J., & Gray, J. E. (2012). Genetic manipulation of stomatal density influences stomatal size, plant growth and tolerance to restricted water supply across a growth carbon dioxide gradient. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 367, 547–555. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0272

• Fanourakis, D., Giday, H., Milla, R., Pieruschka, R., Kjaer, K. H., Bolger, M., Vasilevski, A., Nunes-Nesi, A., Fiorani, F., & Ottosen, C.-O. (2015). Pore size regulates operating stomatal conductance, while stomatal densities drive the partitioning of conductance between leaf sides. Annals of Botany, 115(4), 555–565. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcu247

• Franks, P. J., W. Doheny-Adams, T., Britton-Harper, Z. J., & Gray, J. E. (2015). Increasing water-use efficiency directly through genetic manipulation of stomatal density. New Phytologist, 207(1), 188–195. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13347

• Gomez, K. A. (2001). Rice, the grain of culture. http://www.openbase.in.th/files/thairice010.pdf

• Hassanien, R. H., Hou, T.-Z., Li, Y.-F., & Li, B.-M. (2014). Advances in effects of sound waves on plants. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 13(2), 335–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(13)60492-X

• Herman, T., Murchie, E. H., & Warsi, A. A. (2015). Rice production and climate change: A case study of Malaysian rice. Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science, 38(3), 321–328.

• Hou, T. Z., Li, B., Teng, G., Zhou, Q., Xiao, Y., & Qiao, L. (2009). Application of acoustic frequency technology to protected vegetable production. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 25, 156-160. https://doi.org/10.3969/J.ISSN.1002-6819.2009.2.030

• Kim, M. C., Ahn, J. H., Shin, H. C., Kim, T., Ryu, T. H., Kim, D. H., Song, H. G., Lee, G. H., & Ka, J. O. (2008). Molecular analysis of bacterial community structures in paddy soils for environmental risk assessment with two varieties of genetically modified rice, Iksan 483 and Milyang 204. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 18(2), 207–218.

• Luo, L. J. (2010). Breeding for water-saving and drought-resistance rice (WDR) in China. Journal of Experimental Botany, 61(13), 3509–3517. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erq185

• Meng, Q., Zhou, Q., Zheng, S., & Gao, Y. (2012). Responses on photosynthesis and variable chlorophyll fluorescence of Fragaria ananassa under sound wave. Energy Procedia, 16(Part A), 346–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2012.01.057

• Omar, S. C., Sharudin, A., & Tumin, S. A. (2019). The status of the paddy and rice industry in Malaysia. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351223058

• Puchtler, H., Sweat Waldrop, F., Conner, H. M., & Terry, M. S. (1968). Carnoy fixation: Practical and theoretical considerations. Histochemie, 16, 361–371. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00306359

• Qi, L., Teng, G., Hou, T., Zhu, B., & Liu, X. (2010). Influence of sound wave stimulation on the growth of strawberry in sunlight greenhouse. In D. Li & C. Zhao (Eds.), Computer and Computing Technologies in Agriculture III. CCTA 2009. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology (Vol. 317, pp. 449–454). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12220-0_65

• SAS Institute Inc. (2012). SAS/STAT® user’s guide - Procedures. https://support.sas.com/documentation/onlinedoc/stat/indexproc.html#stat121

• Schneider, C. A., Rasband, W. S., & Eliceiri, K. W. (2012). NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nature Methods, 9, 671–675. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2089

• Skinner, G. (2012). The price of rice: Using genetics to increase crop production. https://www.stem.org.uk/system/files/elibrary-resources/legacy_files_migrated/16942-catalyst_22_3_509.pdf

• Stoop, W. A., Uphoff, N., & Kassam, A. (2002). A review of agricultural research issues raised by the system of rice intensification (SRI) from Madagascar: Opportunities for improving farming systems for resource-poor farmers. Agricultural Systems, 71(3), 249–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-521X(01)00070-1

• Telewski, F. W. (2006). A unified hypothesis of mechanoperception in plants. American Journal of Botany, 93(10), 1466–1476. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.93.10.1466

• Uchida, A., & Yamamoto, K. T. (2002). Effects of mechanical vibration on seed germination of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Plant and Cell Physiology, 43(6), 647–651. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcf079

• Xiujuan, W., Bochu, W., Yi, J., Chuanren, D., & Sakanishi, A. (2003). Effect of sound wave on the synthesis of nucleic acid and protein in chrysanthemum. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 29(2–3), 99–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-7765(02)00152-2

• Yaapar, M. N. (2017). The control of stomatal properties in rice (Oryza sativa L.) and their influence on photosynthetic performance [Doctoral thesis, The University of Sheffield]. White Rose University Consortium. https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/18056/1/Muhammad%20Nazmin%20Yaapar%20thesis.pdf

• Yi, J., Bochu, W., Xiujuan, W., Chuanren, D., & Xiaocheng, Y. (2003). Effect of sound stimulation on roots growth and plasmalemma H+-ATPase activity of chrysanthemum (Gerbera jamesonii). Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 27(1), 65–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-7765(02)00037-1

• Yiyao, L., Bochu, W., Xuefeng, L., Chuanren, D., & Sakanishi, A. (2002). Effects of sound field on the growth of Chrysanthemum callus. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 24(3-4), 321–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-7765(01)00275-2

• Zhai, W., Wang, W., Zhou, Y., Li, X., Zheng, X., Zhang, Q., Wang, G., & Zhu, L. (2001). Breeding bacterial blight-resistant hybrid rice with the cloned bacterial blight resistance gene Xa21. Molecular Breeding, 8, 285–293. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015234802902

• Zhao, H. C., Wu, J., Xi, B. S., & Wang, B. C. (2002). Effects of sound-wave stimulation on the secondary structure of plasma membrane protein of tobacco cells. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 25(1), 29–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-7765(01)00294-6