PERTANIKA JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES

This paper is based on the water-saving initiatives for sustainable tourist destinations launched by the government sector under a project called Save Water, Save Samui (SWSS) at Samui Island, a famous tourist destination in Thailand. For this project, a mixed-methodologies research approach was employed. This research aims to identify stakeholder engagement processes for water-saving initiatives. Quantitative research methods were conducted through a questionnaire-based survey, which provided supportive information from guests and hotels voluntarily involved in the SWSS project. Qualitative research methods were conducted through focus group discussions with hotel staff and in-depth interviews with representatives from hotel businesses, government officers, and locals. Findings showed that stakeholder engagement processes in the SWSS project appeared at three levels: information, response, and involvement. Lessons from the SWSS project addressed limiting aspects of the stakeholder engagement processes, including poor information dissemination, small numbers and few stakeholders involved, inconsistency across the project, and unclear incentive strategies for stakeholder engagement. To move forward, establishing a collaborative relationship among stakeholders is required to facilitate network extension, with the goal of an inclusive and collective action strategy to pursue water saving for tourist destinations in the long term.

• Annesi, N., Battaglia, M., & Frey, M. (2021). Stakeholder engagement by an Italian water utility company: Insight from participant observation of dialogism. Utilities of Policy, 72(October), Article 101270.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2021.101270

• Aronsson, L. (2000). Sustainable tourism development: The development of sustainable tourism. Continuum.

• Ashley, C., Roe, D., & Goodwin, H. (2001). Pro-poor tourism strategies: Making tourism work for the poor-a review experience (Pro-Poor Tourism Report No. 1). ODI. https://odi.org/en/publications/pro-poor-tourism-strategies-making-tourism-work-for-the-poor-a-review-of-experience/

• Bohdanowicz, P., & Martinac, I. (2007). Determinants and benchmarking of resource consumption in hotels - case study of Hilton International and Scandic in Europe. Energy and Buildings, 39, 82-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2006.05.005

• Briassoulis, H. (2002). Sustainable tourism and the question of the commons. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(4), 1065-1085. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(02)00021-X

• Burbano, D. V., & Meredith, T. C. (2020). Effects of tourism growth in a UNESCO World Heritage Site: Livelihood diversification in the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(8), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1832101

• Burbano, D. V., Valdivieso, J. C., Izurieta, J. C., Meredith, T. C., & Ferri, D. Q. (2022). “Rethink and reset” tourism in the Galapagos Islands: Stakeholders’ views on the sustainability of tourism development. Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights, 3(2), Article 100057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annale.2022.100057

• Chen, C. W. (2021). Clarifying rebound effects of the circular economy in the context of sustainable cities. Sustainable Cities and Society, 66, Article 102622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102622

• Chuah, S. H. W., El-Manstrly, D., Tseng, M. L., & Ramayah, T. (2020). Sustaining customer engagement behavior through corporate social responsibility: The roles of environmental concern and green trust. Journal of Cleaner Production, 262(July), Article 121348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121348

• De Luca, F., Iaia, L., Mehmood, A., & Vrontis, D. (2022). Can social media improve stakeholder engagement and communication of Sustainable Development Goals? A cross-country analysis. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 177(April), Article 12525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121525

• Deng, S., & Burnett, J. (2002). Water use in hotels in Hong Kong. Hospitality Management, 21(1), 57-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4319(01)00015-9

• Diallo, M. F., Diop-Sall, F., Leroux, E., & Vachon, M. (2022). How do tourism sustainability and nature affinity affect social engagement propensity? The central roles of nature conservation attitude and personal tourist experience. Ecological Economics, 200(October), Article 10753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.107503

• Dworak, T., Berglund, M., Laaser, C., Strosser, P., Roussard, J., Grandmougin, B., Kossida, M., Kyriazopoulou, I., Berbel, J., Kolberg, S., Rodríguez-Díaz, J. A., & Montesinos, P. (2007). Final Report: EU Water Saving Potential (Part 1 - Report). Ecologic - Institute for International and European Environmental Policy. https://www.ecologic.eu/sites/default/files/publication/2021/917_water_saving_1.pdf

• Essex, S., Kent, M., & Newnham, R. (2004). Tourism development in Mallorca: Is water supply a constraint? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 12(1), 4-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580408667222

• Everingham, P., & Chassagne, N. (2020). Post COVID-19 ecological and social reset: Moving away from capitalist growth models towards tourism as Buen Vivir. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 555-566. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1762119

• Garcés‐Ayerbe, C., Rivera‐Torres, P., & Suárez‐Perales, I. (2019). Stakeholder engagement mechanisms and their contribution to eco‐innovation: Differentiated effects of communication and cooperation. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 26(6), 1321-1332. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1749

• Gikas, P., & Tchobanoglous, G. (2009). Sustainable use of water in the Aegean Islands. Journal of Environmental Management, 90(8), 2601-2611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.01.020

• Gopalakrishnan, C., & Cox, L. J. (2003). Water consumption by the visitor industry: The case of Hawaii. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 19(1), 29-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/713672722

• Greenwood, M. (2007). Stakeholder engagement: Beyond the myth of corporate responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 74, 315-327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9509-y

• Herremans, I. M., Nazari, J. A., & Mahmoudian, F. (2016). Stakeholder relationships, engagement, and sustainability reporting. Journal of Business Ethics, 138, 417-435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2634-0

• Koens, K., Smit, B., & Melissen, F. (2021). Designing destinations for good: Using design roadmapping to support pro-active destination development. Annals of Tourism Research, 89(July), Article 103233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103233

• KohSamui City Municipality. (2020). General Information. www.kohsamuicity.go.th/content/general

• Krantz, R. (2010). A new vision of sustainable consumption. The business challenge. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 14, 7-9.

• Kronenberg, K., & Fuch, M. (2021). Aligning tourism’s socio-economic impact with the United Nations’ sustainable development goals. Tourism Management Perspective, 39(July), Article 100831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2021.100831

• Lievens, A., & Blazevic, V. (2021). A service design perspective on the stakeholder engagement journey during B2B innovation: Challenges and future research agenda. Industrial Marketing Management, 95(May), 128-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2021.04.007

• Liu, Q., Browne, A. L., & Iossifova, D. (2022). A socio-material approach to resource consumption and environmental sustainability of tourist accommodations in a Chinese hot spring town. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 30, 424-437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2021.12.021

• Liu, Y., Wood, L. C., Venkatesh, V. G., Zhang, A., & Farooque, M. (2021). Barriers to sustainable food consumption and production in China: A fuzzy DEMATEL analysis from a circular economy perspective. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 28(October), 1114-1129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2021.07.028

• Manning, B., Braam, G., & Reimsbach, D. (2018). Corporate governance and sustainable business conduct—Effects of board monitoring effectiveness and stakeholder engagement on corporate sustainability performance and disclosure choices. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 26(2), 351-366. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1687

• Morsing, M., & Schultz, M. (2006). Corporate social responsibility communication: Stakeholder information, response and involvement strategies. Business Ethics: A European Review, 15(4), 323-338. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.2006.00460.x

• Mungkung, R., Sorokana, K., Sitthikitpanyaa, S., & Gheerwalac, S. H. (2021). Analysis of green product procurement and ecolabels towards sustainable consumption and production in Thailand. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 28(October), 11-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2021.03.024

• Nash, H. A. (2009). The European Commission‘s sustainable consumption and production and sustainable industrial policy action plan. Journal of Cleaner Production, 17(4), 496-498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2008.08.020

• Pigram, J. J. (2001). Water resources management in island environments: The challenge of tourism development. Tourism (Zagreb), 49(3), 267-274.

• Pongponrat, K. (2006). Initiation of participatory tourism planning by local government: A case study of Community Cleaning Day, Koh Samui, Surat Thani Province, Southern Thailand. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 4(2), 65-89.

• Pongponrat, K., & Chantradon, N. J. (2012). Mechanism of social capital in community tourism participatory planning in Samui Island. TOURISMOS: An International Multidisciplinary Journal of Tourism, 7(1), 339-349.

• Rosato, P. F., Caputo, A., Valente, D., & Pizzi, S. (2021). 2030 agenda and sustainable business models in tourism: A bibliometric analysis. Ecological Indicators, 121(February), Article 10697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106978

• Rueda‐Manzanares, A., Aragón‐Correa, J. A., & Sharma, S. (2008). The influence of stakeholders on the environmental strategy of service firms: The moderating effects of complexity, uncertainty and munificence. British Journal of Management, 19(2), 185-203. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2007.00538.x

• Saviolidis, N. M., Cook, D., Davíðsdottir, B., Johannsdottird, L., & Olafsson, S. (2021). Challenges of national measurement of environmental sustainability in tourism. Current Research in Environmental Sustainability, 3, Article 100079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crsust.2021.100079

• Sharma, T., Chen, J., Liu, W. Y., (2020). Eco-innovation in hospitality research (1998- 2018): A systematic review. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32(2), 913-933. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-01-2019-0002

• Soontayatron, S. (2010).Socio-cultural changes in Thai beach resorts: A case study of Koh Samui Island, Thailand [Doctoral dissertation, Bournemouth University]. http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/15787/1/Thesis-final_version-_amandements.pdf

• Sørensen, F., & Bærenholdt, J. O. (2020). Tourist practices in the circular economy. Annals of Tourism Research, 85(November), Article 103027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.103027

• Sørensen, F., & Grindsted, T. S. (2021).Sustainability approaches and nature tourism development. Annals of Tourism Research, 91(November), Article 103307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103307

• Sulkowski, A. J., Edwards, M., & Freeman, R. E. (2018). Shake your stakeholder: Firms leading engagement to cocreate sustainable value. Organization & Environment, 31(3), 223-241. https://doi.org/10.1177/1086026617722129

• Sun, Y. Y., Li, M., Lenzen, M., Malik, A., & Pomponi, F. (2022). Tourism, job vulnerability and income inequality during the COVID-19 pandemic: A global perspective. Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights, 3(1), Article 100046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annale.2022.100046

• Tisdell, C. (2001). National gains from international tourism in the light of environmental factors: Further considerations. In C. Tisdell (Ed.), Tourism Economics, the Environment and Development. Analysis and policy (pp. 55-67). Edward Elgar.

• Tortella, B. D., & Tirado, D. (2011). Hotel water consumption at a seasonal mass tourist destination. The case of the island of Mallorca. Journal of Environmental Management. 92(10), 2568-2579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.05.024

• United Nations Environment Programme. (2009). Tourism. https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/resource-efficiency/what-we-do/responsible-industry/tourism

• Welford, R., Young, W., & Ytterhus, B. (1998). Towards sustainable production and consumption: A literature review and conceptual framework for the service sector. Eco-Management and Auditing, 5(1), 38-56. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0925(199803)5:1<38::AID-EMA78>3.0.CO;2-K

• Wu, J. S., Brabrook-Johnson, P., & Font, X. (2021). Participatory complexity in tourism policy: Understanding sustainability programmes with participatory systems mapping. Annals of Tourism Research, 90(September), Article 103269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103269

• Zhang, X., & Tavitiyaman, P. (2022). Sustainability courses in hospitality and tourism higher education: Perspectives from industry practitioners and students. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 31(November), Article 100393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2022.100393

• Annesi, N., Battaglia, M., & Frey, M. (2021). Stakeholder engagement by an Italian water utility company: Insight from participant observation of dialogism. Utilities of Policy, 72(October), Article 101270.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2021.101270

• Aronsson, L. (2000). Sustainable tourism development: The development of sustainable tourism. Continuum.

• Ashley, C., Roe, D., & Goodwin, H. (2001). Pro-poor tourism strategies: Making tourism work for the poor-a review experience (Pro-Poor Tourism Report No. 1). ODI. https://odi.org/en/publications/pro-poor-tourism-strategies-making-tourism-work-for-the-poor-a-review-of-experience/

• Bohdanowicz, P., & Martinac, I. (2007). Determinants and benchmarking of resource consumption in hotels - case study of Hilton International and Scandic in Europe. Energy and Buildings, 39, 82-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2006.05.005

• Briassoulis, H. (2002). Sustainable tourism and the question of the commons. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(4), 1065-1085. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(02)00021-X

• Burbano, D. V., & Meredith, T. C. (2020). Effects of tourism growth in a UNESCO World Heritage Site: Livelihood diversification in the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(8), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1832101

• Burbano, D. V., Valdivieso, J. C., Izurieta, J. C., Meredith, T. C., & Ferri, D. Q. (2022). “Rethink and reset” tourism in the Galapagos Islands: Stakeholders’ views on the sustainability of tourism development. Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights, 3(2), Article 100057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annale.2022.100057

• Chen, C. W. (2021). Clarifying rebound effects of the circular economy in the context of sustainable cities. Sustainable Cities and Society, 66, Article 102622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102622

• Chuah, S. H. W., El-Manstrly, D., Tseng, M. L., & Ramayah, T. (2020). Sustaining customer engagement behavior through corporate social responsibility: The roles of environmental concern and green trust. Journal of Cleaner Production, 262(July), Article 121348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121348

• De Luca, F., Iaia, L., Mehmood, A., & Vrontis, D. (2022). Can social media improve stakeholder engagement and communication of Sustainable Development Goals? A cross-country analysis. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 177(April), Article 12525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121525

• Deng, S., & Burnett, J. (2002). Water use in hotels in Hong Kong. Hospitality Management, 21(1), 57-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4319(01)00015-9

• Diallo, M. F., Diop-Sall, F., Leroux, E., & Vachon, M. (2022). How do tourism sustainability and nature affinity affect social engagement propensity? The central roles of nature conservation attitude and personal tourist experience. Ecological Economics, 200(October), Article 10753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.107503

• Dworak, T., Berglund, M., Laaser, C., Strosser, P., Roussard, J., Grandmougin, B., Kossida, M., Kyriazopoulou, I., Berbel, J., Kolberg, S., Rodríguez-Díaz, J. A., & Montesinos, P. (2007). Final Report: EU Water Saving Potential (Part 1 - Report). Ecologic - Institute for International and European Environmental Policy. https://www.ecologic.eu/sites/default/files/publication/2021/917_water_saving_1.pdf

• Essex, S., Kent, M., & Newnham, R. (2004). Tourism development in Mallorca: Is water supply a constraint? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 12(1), 4-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580408667222

• Everingham, P., & Chassagne, N. (2020). Post COVID-19 ecological and social reset: Moving away from capitalist growth models towards tourism as Buen Vivir. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 555-566. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1762119

• Garcés‐Ayerbe, C., Rivera‐Torres, P., & Suárez‐Perales, I. (2019). Stakeholder engagement mechanisms and their contribution to eco‐innovation: Differentiated effects of communication and cooperation. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 26(6), 1321-1332. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1749

• Gikas, P., & Tchobanoglous, G. (2009). Sustainable use of water in the Aegean Islands. Journal of Environmental Management, 90(8), 2601-2611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.01.020

• Gopalakrishnan, C., & Cox, L. J. (2003). Water consumption by the visitor industry: The case of Hawaii. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 19(1), 29-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/713672722

• Greenwood, M. (2007). Stakeholder engagement: Beyond the myth of corporate responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 74, 315-327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9509-y

• Herremans, I. M., Nazari, J. A., & Mahmoudian, F. (2016). Stakeholder relationships, engagement, and sustainability reporting. Journal of Business Ethics, 138, 417-435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2634-0

• Koens, K., Smit, B., & Melissen, F. (2021). Designing destinations for good: Using design roadmapping to support pro-active destination development. Annals of Tourism Research, 89(July), Article 103233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103233

• KohSamui City Municipality. (2020). General Information. www.kohsamuicity.go.th/content/general

• Krantz, R. (2010). A new vision of sustainable consumption. The business challenge. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 14, 7-9.

• Kronenberg, K., & Fuch, M. (2021). Aligning tourism’s socio-economic impact with the United Nations’ sustainable development goals. Tourism Management Perspective, 39(July), Article 100831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2021.100831

• Lievens, A., & Blazevic, V. (2021). A service design perspective on the stakeholder engagement journey during B2B innovation: Challenges and future research agenda. Industrial Marketing Management, 95(May), 128-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2021.04.007

• Liu, Q., Browne, A. L., & Iossifova, D. (2022). A socio-material approach to resource consumption and environmental sustainability of tourist accommodations in a Chinese hot spring town. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 30, 424-437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2021.12.021

• Liu, Y., Wood, L. C., Venkatesh, V. G., Zhang, A., & Farooque, M. (2021). Barriers to sustainable food consumption and production in China: A fuzzy DEMATEL analysis from a circular economy perspective. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 28(October), 1114-1129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2021.07.028

• Manning, B., Braam, G., & Reimsbach, D. (2018). Corporate governance and sustainable business conduct—Effects of board monitoring effectiveness and stakeholder engagement on corporate sustainability performance and disclosure choices. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 26(2), 351-366. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1687

• Morsing, M., & Schultz, M. (2006). Corporate social responsibility communication: Stakeholder information, response and involvement strategies. Business Ethics: A European Review, 15(4), 323-338. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.2006.00460.x

• Mungkung, R., Sorokana, K., Sitthikitpanyaa, S., & Gheerwalac, S. H. (2021). Analysis of green product procurement and ecolabels towards sustainable consumption and production in Thailand. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 28(October), 11-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2021.03.024

• Nash, H. A. (2009). The European Commission‘s sustainable consumption and production and sustainable industrial policy action plan. Journal of Cleaner Production, 17(4), 496-498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2008.08.020

• Pigram, J. J. (2001). Water resources management in island environments: The challenge of tourism development. Tourism (Zagreb), 49(3), 267-274.

• Pongponrat, K. (2006). Initiation of participatory tourism planning by local government: A case study of Community Cleaning Day, Koh Samui, Surat Thani Province, Southern Thailand. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 4(2), 65-89.

• Pongponrat, K., & Chantradon, N. J. (2012). Mechanism of social capital in community tourism participatory planning in Samui Island. TOURISMOS: An International Multidisciplinary Journal of Tourism, 7(1), 339-349.

• Rosato, P. F., Caputo, A., Valente, D., & Pizzi, S. (2021). 2030 agenda and sustainable business models in tourism: A bibliometric analysis. Ecological Indicators, 121(February), Article 10697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106978

• Rueda‐Manzanares, A., Aragón‐Correa, J. A., & Sharma, S. (2008). The influence of stakeholders on the environmental strategy of service firms: The moderating effects of complexity, uncertainty and munificence. British Journal of Management, 19(2), 185-203. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2007.00538.x

• Saviolidis, N. M., Cook, D., Davíðsdottir, B., Johannsdottird, L., & Olafsson, S. (2021). Challenges of national measurement of environmental sustainability in tourism. Current Research in Environmental Sustainability, 3, Article 100079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crsust.2021.100079

• Sharma, T., Chen, J., Liu, W. Y., (2020). Eco-innovation in hospitality research (1998- 2018): A systematic review. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32(2), 913-933. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-01-2019-0002

• Soontayatron, S. (2010).Socio-cultural changes in Thai beach resorts: A case study of Koh Samui Island, Thailand [Doctoral dissertation, Bournemouth University]. http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/15787/1/Thesis-final_version-_amandements.pdf

• Sørensen, F., & Bærenholdt, J. O. (2020). Tourist practices in the circular economy. Annals of Tourism Research, 85(November), Article 103027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.103027

• Sørensen, F., & Grindsted, T. S. (2021).Sustainability approaches and nature tourism development. Annals of Tourism Research, 91(November), Article 103307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103307

• Sulkowski, A. J., Edwards, M., & Freeman, R. E. (2018). Shake your stakeholder: Firms leading engagement to cocreate sustainable value. Organization & Environment, 31(3), 223-241. https://doi.org/10.1177/1086026617722129

• Sun, Y. Y., Li, M., Lenzen, M., Malik, A., & Pomponi, F. (2022). Tourism, job vulnerability and income inequality during the COVID-19 pandemic: A global perspective. Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights, 3(1), Article 100046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annale.2022.100046

• Tisdell, C. (2001). National gains from international tourism in the light of environmental factors: Further considerations. In C. Tisdell (Ed.), Tourism Economics, the Environment and Development. Analysis and policy (pp. 55-67). Edward Elgar.

• Tortella, B. D., & Tirado, D. (2011). Hotel water consumption at a seasonal mass tourist destination. The case of the island of Mallorca. Journal of Environmental Management. 92(10), 2568-2579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.05.024

• United Nations Environment Programme. (2009). Tourism. https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/resource-efficiency/what-we-do/responsible-industry/tourism

• Welford, R., Young, W., & Ytterhus, B. (1998). Towards sustainable production and consumption: A literature review and conceptual framework for the service sector. Eco-Management and Auditing, 5(1), 38-56. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0925(199803)5:1<38::AID-EMA78>3.0.CO;2-K

• Wu, J. S., Brabrook-Johnson, P., & Font, X. (2021). Participatory complexity in tourism policy: Understanding sustainability programmes with participatory systems mapping. Annals of Tourism Research, 90(September), Article 103269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103269

• Zhang, X., & Tavitiyaman, P. (2022). Sustainability courses in hospitality and tourism higher education: Perspectives from industry practitioners and students. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 31(November), Article 100393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2022.100393